Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus 2 (RHDV-2) is a highly contagious and often fatal disease that affects both wild and domestic rabbits. It does not infect humans or other species such as dogs and cats. RHDV-2 can spread rapidly through:
- Direct contact between rabbits
- Contact with infected urine, feces, or blood
- Contaminated equipment, bedding, feed, or water
- Indirect transmission via clothing, shoes, and hands of caretakers
Common signs of RHDV-2 include sudden death, lethargy, loss of appetite, and difficulty breathing.
Testing and Vaccination
There is currently no reliable serological test to distinguish RHDV1 from RHDV2 in live rabbits. The USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) does not recommend live animal testing for regulatory purposes.
The RHDV-2 vaccine is regulated by USDA-APHIS and is only authorized for use in states where the disease is considered endemic (confirmed in wild or feral rabbits). Importing the vaccine involves considerable time and cost and is not broadly available.
Import Restrictions for Rabbits and Hares
No rabbits or hares may enter Arkansas from a state or country with a confirmed case of RHD (either strain) in the past 12 months unless a Certificate of Veterinary Inspection (CVI) is issued by an accredited veterinarian within 48 hours of shipment. The CVI must state:
- All rabbits/hares were examined and found free of communicable disease.
- Animals originated from a single premises with no signs of disease.
- No elevated rectal temperatures were observed.
- No new rabbits/hares have been introduced to the premises within 30 days.
- No contact has occurred with wild rabbits or hares within 30 days.
An Arkansas Entry Permit number must be recorded on the CVI.
Biosecurity Recommendations
Biosecurity is the best protection against RHDV-2. Rabbit owners are encouraged to take the following precautions:
- Avoid contact with other rabbits, caretakers, or shared equipment.
- Dedicate footwear to rabbit housing; do not wear rabbit shed shoes outside.
- Fence off areas to prevent wildlife access to feed and water.
- Isolate new animals before introducing them to your facility.
- Sanitize cages, waterers, and feed containers regularly.